編(bian)者按(an)：

以(yi)EPC為主要(yao)模式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程總承包有效(xiao)銜(xian)接和順(shun)承了(le)(le)設計、采購和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)成果及要(yao)求，實(shi)(shi)現了(le)(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設組(zu)織的(de)(de)(de)扁平化，提高了(le)(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)和溝通(tong)效(xiao)率，規避了(le)(le)諸多管理風險。EPC招(zhao)標(biao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)質量的(de)(de)(de)好壞(huai)直接影響項(xiang)目(mu)在設計和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)管控風險，本文結合EPC項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)招(zhao)標(biao)及管控實(shi)(shi)踐，對EPC方式(shi)下的(de)(de)(de)七類合同常(chang)見問題進行了(le)(le)梳理，并提出了(le)(le)相關(guan)解決(jue)建(jian)議。

近年來，住房和(he)城鄉(xiang)建設(she)部、國家發展改革委、市場監督管理總局等部門先后聯(lian)合印(yin)發《房屋建筑和(he)市政基礎設(she)施項目工程總承(cheng)包(bao)管理辦法(fa)》（以(yi)下簡稱(cheng)(cheng)《辦法(fa)》）和(he)《建設(she)項目工程總承(cheng)包(bao)合同（示范文本(ben)）》GF—2020—0216（以(yi)下簡稱(cheng)(cheng)《示范文本(ben)》），大力(li)推行工程總承(cheng)包(bao)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)。《辦法(fa)》的實施推動了(le)以(yi)EPC為主要模式(shi)的工程總承(cheng)包(bao)（以(yi)下簡稱(cheng)(cheng)EPC）的快速(su)落(luo)地，運用EPC方(fang)(fang)式(shi)的項目數量(liang)呈快速(su)上升趨勢；《示范文本(ben)》的出臺為承(cheng)發包(bao)方(fang)(fang)提供了(le)參考條款，界定了(le)雙方(fang)(fang)的責權利，實現了(le)風險的合理分攤。

但需(xu)要(yao)指出的是，現階段EPC相關標準體系仍不健(jian)全，承發包(bao)雙方(fang)對(dui)EPC模式理(li)解不同，又(you)因EPC項目招標的前置(zhi)，發包(bao)方(fang)的設計(ji)文(wen)件(jian)及需(xu)求不詳盡(jin)，很(hen)容易(yi)造成(cheng)合同糾紛，引發爭議。下面，筆(bi)者結合工作實踐，對(dui)EPC合同文(wen)件(jian)的常見問題進行簡單梳(shu)理(li)，并提(ti)出解決(jue)建議。

一

工程承包范圍和合同工期

承(cheng)(cheng)包范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)是(shi)承(cheng)(cheng)發(fa)包界面(mian)(mian)的(de)主要(yao)合(he)(he)(he)同條款(kuan)，是(shi)發(fa)包人編(bian)制招標控制價、承(cheng)(cheng)包人編(bian)制投標報價的(de)主要(yao)依據，也是(shi)界定(ding)設計變(bian)更歸屬(shu)責(ze)任(ren)主體(ti)的(de)依據。實(shi)踐中(zhong)，近年來(lai)因(yin)承(cheng)(cheng)包范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)約(yue)定(ding)不(bu)清引起的(de)爭(zheng)議越來(lai)越多，常見的(de)有未約(yue)定(ding)設計范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)或(huo)漏(lou)(lou)項(xiang)、只約(yue)定(ding)建(jian)筑物的(de)EPC而(er)(er)遺漏(lou)(lou)掉室(shi)外(wai)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、智能(neng)化和裝飾裝修工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)只約(yue)定(ding)施工(gong)承(cheng)(cheng)包范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)未約(yue)定(ding)設計范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)、業主方起草合(he)(he)(he)同時加入“不(bu)限(xian)(xian)于”無限(xian)(xian)責(ze)任(ren)條款(kuan)等(deng)，造成合(he)(he)(he)同履(lv)行(xing)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)變(bian)更過多或(huo)承(cheng)(cheng)包人無償承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)合(he)(he)(he)同外(wai)責(ze)任(ren)，給工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量帶來(lai)極(ji)大風險，甚至造成合(he)(he)(he)同無法履(lv)行(xing)。因(yin)此，工(gong)作(zuo)人員在合(he)(he)(he)同起草或(huo)談判時，應(ying)嚴格按照(zhao)初步(bu)設計文件或(huo)可(ke)行(xing)性研究報告及項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)總(zong)體(ti)合(he)(he)(he)約(yue)規劃(hua)編(bian)制工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)(cheng)包范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)，詳細填寫(xie)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)設計、采購和施工(gong)界面(mian)(mian)，不(bu)應(ying)表(biao)述含糊或(huo)含有無限(xian)(xian)責(ze)任(ren)條款(kuan)，應(ying)詳盡到每(mei)項(xiang)單位(wei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，避免遺漏(lou)(lou)構(gou)筑物、室(shi)外(wai)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)等(deng)附屬(shu)建(jian)筑。同時，在進(jin)行(xing)EPC合(he)(he)(he)約(yue)界面(mian)(mian)劃(hua)分時，應(ying)注意厘清EPC與暫估(gu)價工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（含材料、貨物）、發(fa)包人平行(xing)發(fa)包工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)設計、采購和施工(gong)工(gong)作(zuo)界面(mian)(mian)，避免重復或(huo)漏(lou)(lou)項(xiang)。

合(he)同工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的起(qi)(qi)止時(shi)(shi)間及工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)日歷天(tian)的約(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)是工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)界定(ding)(ding)(ding)違約(yue)方責任和量(liang)化總(zong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)或節點(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)是否延誤(wu)的重(zhong)要評判標(biao)(biao)(biao)準。在起(qi)(qi)草(cao)合(he)同文件(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)，一些起(qi)(qi)草(cao)人經常由于未能依據相關定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)科學(xue)測(ce)算工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)，造(zao)成工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)不合(he)理壓縮。因(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)屬實(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)內容(rong)，投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)時(shi)(shi)承(cheng)包人已在投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)函(han)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作出承(cheng)諾，加(jia)之招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)時(shi)(shi)間短、投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)人急(ji)于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選等多種因(yin)素，造(zao)成合(he)同工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)不科學(xue)，在實(shi)(shi)(shi)施過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)承(cheng)發包雙方很容(rong)易(yi)因(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)問題產生爭議，造(zao)成工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)停滯、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)難以(yi)保障以(yi)及合(he)同難以(yi)履行。基于這些原因(yin)，起(qi)(qi)草(cao)人應按《示(shi)范(fan)文本》規定(ding)(ding)(ding)的格式逐項(xiang)填寫(xie)，不得留空(kong)。對于工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)起(qi)(qi)止時(shi)(shi)間，可根據相關工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)或歷史(shi)數(shu)據經計算后確定(ding)(ding)(ding)。對工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)緊的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，發包人在制定(ding)(ding)(ding)最高招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)控制價(jia)時(shi)(shi)，應綜合(he)考慮增(zeng)加(jia)趕工(gong)(gong)(gong)費，堅持(chi)優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)優(you)價(jia)原則(ze)，并在招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)文件(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)明(ming)確上述內容(rong)。此外，還應注意工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)總(zong)日歷天(tian)數(shu)的計算應與計劃開始(shi)和竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)日期(qi)(qi)(qi)保持(chi)一致。

二

簽約合同價和變更估價

1.簽約合同價

合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格形式(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般有總(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、成本加酬金(jin)或(huo)其相(xiang)互組合(he)(he)(he)等幾種。《示范(fan)(fan)文本》通用(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)條件(jian)以(yi)總(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)作為(wei)(wei)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格形式(shi)進行了(le)約定(ding)，可以(yi)看出(chu)(chu)，EPC項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)鼓勵使用(yong)(yong)總(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)。總(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)簽約合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)(sheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般由(you)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)人在(zai)發(fa)包(bao)人提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)《項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)》的(de)(de)(de)格式(shi)和(he)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)下完成《價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)》，《價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)》的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)即為(wei)(wei)簽約合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。因計(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)等標準尚在(zai)陸(lu)續(xu)出(chu)(chu)臺中，在(zai)實(shi)際(ji)合(he)(he)(he)約簽訂和(he)執行過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，雙方(fang)往往對(dui)兩份(fen)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)解不一(yi)(yi)(yi)，部分(fen)發(fa)包(bao)人甚至在(zai)招(zhao)(zhao)標過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中先行確(que)定(ding)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個總(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)作為(wei)(wei)最高限價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，并(bing)在(zai)簽訂合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)后(hou)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)人根(gen)據(ju)(ju)施(shi)工圖(tu)設(she)計(ji)文件(jian)編(bian)制和(he)上報工程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)計(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)樣(yang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)預算書(shu)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)綜合(he)(he)(he)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)據(ju)(ju)實(shi)結算，或(huo)在(zai)EPC招(zhao)(zhao)標時(shi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)費率(lv)下浮點作為(wei)(wei)商(shang)務評標依據(ju)(ju)，這樣(yang)做，不但(dan)掩蓋和(he)削(xue)弱(ruo)了(le)EPC的(de)(de)(de)優勢，也(ye)(ye)剝奪了(le)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)人在(zai)滿足(zu)發(fa)包(bao)人要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)前(qian)提下通過(guo)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)合(he)(he)(he)法的(de)(de)(de)優化爭(zheng)取更高利潤的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)會，在(zai)中期計(ji)量(liang)和(he)結算時(shi)很容(rong)(rong)易產生(sheng)(sheng)爭(zheng)議。因此(ci)，承(cheng)(cheng)發(fa)包(bao)方(fang)應正確(que)理(li)解EPC模式(shi)，用(yong)(yong)好兩份(fen)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)。需要(yao)(yao)指出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)是，《建設(she)工程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)計(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)（征求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)意見稿）》及配套的(de)(de)(de)房(fang)屋建筑、市(shi)政公用(yong)(yong)、軌道(dao)交通等計(ji)算規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)了(le)兩份(fen)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)填寫(xie)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)和(he)深度，待正式(shi)發(fa)布(bu)實(shi)施(shi)后(hou)，可按(an)此(ci)執行。同(tong)時(shi)，《示范(fan)(fan)文本》通用(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)詞語定(ding)義與解釋也(ye)(ye)對(dui)兩份(fen)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)作出(chu)(chu)了(le)明確(que)，即《項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)》是發(fa)包(bao)人提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)載明各項(xiang)費用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)名稱和(he)數量(liang)等內(nei)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)明細(xi)，是一(yi)(yi)(yi)種因圖(tu)紙(zhi)未達到(dao)施(shi)工圖(tu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)而出(chu)(chu)具的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)，而《價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)》則是由(you)投標人按(an)發(fa)包(bao)人提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)填寫(xie)并(bing)標明價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)。

2.變更(geng)估價

同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時，需(xu)要注意變(bian)更(geng)估價(jia)的(de)(de)約(yue)定(ding)。部(bu)(bu)分發(fa)包(bao)人(ren)為快速起草合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，在專(zhuan)用合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條件中約(yue)定(ding)了“雙方另行(xing)協商(shang)”，使得此(ci)部(bu)(bu)分或(huo)類似(si)于(yu)此(ci)部(bu)(bu)分的(de)(de)約(yue)定(ding)形(xing)如敞口協議，在合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)執行(xing)期(qi)間協商(shang)工作量大(da)增，并(bing)出現(xian)爭議，給工程進(jin)度等造(zao)(zao)成影響。因此(ci)，起草人(ren)應按《示范文本》的(de)(de)通用合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條件給出的(de)(de)變(bian)更(geng)估價(jia)原(yuan)(yuan)則，并(bing)結合項目的(de)(de)具體情況，在專(zhuan)用合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條件中予以詳細約(yue)定(ding)：有《價(jia)格清單(dan)》且有相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)類似(si)的(de)(de)，參(can)照其執行(xing)；無類似(si)或(huo)無《價(jia)格清單(dan)》的(de)(de)，按成本加(jia)利(li)潤進(jin)行(xing)調(diao)整(zheng)。對于(yu)變(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)責(ze)任劃分，也應高(gao)度重視(shi)。常規(gui)除承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)原(yuan)(yuan)因外(wai)的(de)(de)變(bian)更(geng)以及發(fa)包(bao)人(ren)承(cheng)(cheng)擔的(de)(de)風險引起的(de)(de)價(jia)格調(diao)整(zheng)，承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)才可(ke)獲得索賠。因承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)自行(xing)設計或(huo)施工原(yuan)(yuan)因造(zao)(zao)成的(de)(de)變(bian)更(geng)，一般不予補償(chang)。這是(shi)EPC承(cheng)(cheng)發(fa)包(bao)模式風險互(hu)擔的(de)(de)體現(xian)，也激勵EPC單(dan)位通過優化設計和采用先進(jin)的(de)(de)施工方法來(lai)獲得更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)利(li)潤。

3.稅率

因(yin)EPC項目既有服(fu)務(wu)，也(ye)有貨物和工程，故(gu)適用的(de)稅(shui)(shui)率(lv)也(ye)不(bu)盡(jin)相同，按(an)相關通知和規定(ding)，屬(shu)于(yu)“營改(gai)增”范疇(chou)。現階段關于(yu)EPC項目如何計(ji)算(suan)繳納增值稅(shui)(shui)，存在兩種(zhong)(zhong)觀(guan)點：一種(zhong)(zhong)觀(guan)點是按(an)“兼營”處理，即按(an)三種(zhong)(zhong)稅(shui)(shui)率(lv)分別(bie)計(ji)取(qu)；另一種(zhong)(zhong)觀(guan)點是按(an)“混合(he)銷(xiao)售”處理，即按(an)一種(zhong)(zhong)綜合(he)稅(shui)(shui)率(lv)計(ji)取(qu)。因(yin)各地(di)(di)政策不(bu)同，工作人員(yuan)在招標前應(ying)咨詢當(dang)地(di)(di)稅(shui)(shui)務(wu)主管部(bu)門(men)，做到有的(de)放矢(shi)。從《示范文(wen)本》所(suo)列需填項可以(yi)看出，其(qi)提倡(chang)按(an)“兼營”處理，但(dan)前提是能清晰地(di)(di)分別(bie)計(ji)算(suan)出設計(ji)、施工和采購的(de)詳細金額，而現實(shi)管控中往往不(bu)容易(yi)劃清邊(bian)界。

三

暫估價

暫(zan)(zan)估(gu)(gu)(gu)價工(gong)程(cheng)（含材(cai)料、貨物）應(ying)根(gen)據國(guo)家相關(guan)招標(biao)(biao)投標(biao)(biao)法律法規要求提前(qian)界定招標(biao)(biao)形(xing)式和范(fan)圍，屬于(yu)依法必須招標(biao)(biao)的(de)，應(ying)通過招標(biao)(biao)選(xuan)定，并界定承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)是否允(yun)許參與投標(biao)(biao)。部分發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)在起草合(he)約(yue)時，雖然能(neng)清(qing)晰填寫暫(zan)(zan)估(gu)(gu)(gu)價范(fan)圍，但(dan)是并不(bu)(bu)能(neng)準確地或(huo)完整地填寫承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)可(ke)以(yi)或(huo)不(bu)(bu)得(de)參與投標(biao)(biao)的(de)范(fan)圍。由(you)(you)于(yu)其對(dui)暫(zan)(zan)估(gu)(gu)(gu)價的(de)選(xuan)定程(cheng)序(xu)理解有誤，認為暫(zan)(zan)估(gu)(gu)(gu)價只能(neng)由(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)招標(biao)(biao)或(huo)比選(xuan)選(xuan)定，造(zao)成(cheng)多個平行發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，加大了發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)管控(kong)難度(du)，而《示范(fan)文本》約(yue)定暫(zan)(zan)估(gu)(gu)(gu)價工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)招標(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)可(ke)以(yi)是承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)，也可(ke)由(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)和承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)共同作(zuo)為招標(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)，應(ying)根(gen)據項(xiang)目具體(ti)情況進行選(xuan)擇。

在(zai)(zai)專用合同(tong)條件中(zhong)還應(ying)(ying)約(yue)定招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)程序，如“由承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)作(zuo)(zuo)為招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)，招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)過(guo)程中(zhong)涉及的(de)(de)招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件、評標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)方案、評標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)結果等應(ying)(ying)報送發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)批準(zhun)，發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)權監(jian)督(du)整個招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)過(guo)程，承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)簽約(yue)合同(tong)價(jia)中(zhong)已包(bao)含(han)組(zu)織招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)有(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)所有(you)費用”。對不(bu)屬于依法必須招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)暫估(gu)價(jia)項目，其(qi)承(cheng)包(bao)單位選(xuan)定和估(gu)價(jia)原則也應(ying)(ying)進行約(yue)定，如“應(ying)(ying)由承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)參考公(gong)開招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)程序和相關(guan)范本文(wen)件編制招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)比選(xuan)方案，經(jing)發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)同(tong)意后方可實施，并詳(xiang)細贅(zhui)述評標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)辦法，發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和工(gong)程師有(you)權安排人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員作(zuo)(zuo)為專家(jia)參與評標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。確定后的(de)(de)暫估(gu)價(jia)項目金(jin)額與發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)提(ti)供的(de)(de)暫估(gu)價(jia)清(qing)單中(zhong)所列(lie)暫估(gu)價(jia)或價(jia)格(ge)清(qing)單的(de)(de)金(jin)額差(cha)以(yi)及相對應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)稅金(jin)等其(qi)他費用列(lie)入(ru)合同(tong)價(jia)格(ge)；與組(zu)織招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)有(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)費用已經(jing)包(bao)括在(zai)(zai)承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)簽約(yue)合同(tong)價(jia)中(zhong)”。

四

違約責任

通用合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)僅(jin)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了承(cheng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)一(yi)般的(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)事(shi)項(xiang)和責(ze)任，故(gu)應在(zai)(zai)(zai)專用合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)通用合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)外的(de)(de)其他違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)事(shi)項(xiang)及(ji)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金(jin)數額(e)。實踐中(zhong)(zhong)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)起草或(huo)談判階(jie)段，雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)經常存在(zai)(zai)(zai)未約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)或(huo)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)不(bu)清(qing)等情形，主要原因(yin)有(you)兩個方(fang)(fang)(fang)面：一(yi)是未能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)通用合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)之外結合(he)(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)自(zi)身(shen)管控及(ji)項(xiang)目情況，根據可能(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)風險(xian)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)事(shi)項(xiang)和責(ze)任；二(er)是未能(neng)就通用合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)和專用合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)補充的(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)事(shi)項(xiang)和責(ze)任約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金(jin)數額(e)，致使合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)履行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)事(shi)情無法判斷違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)應承(cheng)擔(dan)的(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金(jin)數額(e)，極易造成雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)扯皮推諉(wei)，產(chan)生(sheng)大量爭議。基(ji)于(yu)此，違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)任應在(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)予以(yi)詳細約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，如“承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)擅(shan)自(zi)調整(zheng)已(yi)批(pi)準的(de)(de)設(she)計文件(jian)、施(shi)工組(zu)織設(she)計文件(jian)、施(shi)工方(fang)(fang)(fang)案，或(huo)未按已(yi)批(pi)準的(de)(de)以(yi)上文件(jian)組(zu)織實施(shi)的(de)(de)，承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)無理由拒絕(jue)發(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)工程師指示(shi)的(de)(de)，承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)反國(guo)家和所在(zai)(zai)(zai)省市法律、法規、規程、規范、圖(tu)集的(de)(de)，承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)應向(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)支付簽約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)價10%的(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金(jin)，并賠(pei)償發(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)因(yin)此造成的(de)(de)全部損(sun)失(shi)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時發(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)權(quan)解除(chu)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)承(cheng)擔(dan)由此給(gei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)造成的(de)(de)一(yi)切損(sun)失(shi)”等。

另(ling)外，專用合同條件中應(ying)約(yue)定承包人(ren)(ren)(ren)擅(shan)自更(geng)換(huan)項目經理(li)(li)和關(guan)鍵(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的違約(yue)責(ze)任、無正(zheng)當理(li)(li)由拒(ju)(ju)絕撤(che)換(huan)項目經理(li)(li)和關(guan)鍵(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的違約(yue)責(ze)任、關(guan)鍵(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)擅(shan)自離(li)開施(shi)工現場(chang)的違約(yue)責(ze)任等。此(ci)部分是發包人(ren)(ren)(ren)對承包人(ren)(ren)(ren)管理(li)(li)團隊的管控，在合同編(bian)制時應(ying)作為重點清晰描述(shu)，并(bing)量(liang)化(hua)違約(yue)責(ze)任。如約(yue)定“無正(zheng)當理(li)(li)由拒(ju)(ju)絕撤(che)換(huan)設(she)計負(fu)責(ze)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、施(shi)工負(fu)責(ze)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的，承包人(ren)(ren)(ren)向(xiang)發包人(ren)(ren)(ren)支付10萬(wan)元(yuan)/人(ren)(ren)(ren)/次(ci)的違約(yue)金(jin)；無正(zheng)當理(li)(li)由拒(ju)(ju)絕撤(che)換(huan)其他關(guan)鍵(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的，承包人(ren)(ren)(ren)向(xiang)發包人(ren)(ren)(ren)支付5萬(wan)元(yuan)/人(ren)(ren)(ren)/次(ci)的違約(yue)金(jin)，并(bing)承擔因違約(yue)給發包人(ren)(ren)(ren)造(zao)成的一切(qie)損失”等，以(yi)此(ci)來約(yue)束(shu)承包人(ren)(ren)(ren)管理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的履職行為。

五

發包人要求

“發(fa)(fa)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)”是(shi)招(zhao)標文(wen)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)組成(cheng)部分(fen)，包含(han)功能要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)、時間(jian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)、技術要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)、竣(jun)工(gong)驗收、工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目管理(li)規定(ding)(ding)等十(shi)一項(xiang)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)，可(ke)(ke)以理(li)解為(wei)既包含(han)了設計(ji)(ji)任務書及(ji)設計(ji)(ji)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，也包含(han)了時間(jian)進(jin)度要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)、管理(li)規定(ding)(ding)及(ji)相關(guan)罰則，還界(jie)定(ding)(ding)了相關(guan)材料、設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體參數等，是(shi)發(fa)(fa)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目在(zai)(zai)設計(ji)(ji)、采購、施工(gong)三(san)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體任務要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)和管理(li)規定(ding)(ding)，也是(shi)作為(wei)初步設計(ji)(ji)文(wen)件或(huo)可(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing)性研究報告的(de)(de)(de)(de)詳(xiang)細(xi)(xi)補充文(wen)件，是(shi)承(cheng)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)組織EPC工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)依據。在(zai)(zai)項(xiang)目管控過(guo)程(cheng)中，因大多(duo)數發(fa)(fa)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)專業(ye)特性，此部分(fen)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)往往編制(zhi)粗略(lve)，部分(fen)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)甚至不填寫，不能詳(xiang)細(xi)(xi)描述(shu)發(fa)(fa)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)和要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。而對(dui)(dui)于承(cheng)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)來(lai)說，此部分(fen)可(ke)(ke)以借助“鉆空子(zi)”完成(cheng)更(geng)多(duo)變(bian)更(geng)，進(jin)而獲(huo)得相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)利潤(run)，因此通常也視而不見。雙方的(de)(de)(de)(de)上述(shu)想法和行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，導致在(zai)(zai)合同(tong)履行(xing)(xing)時雙方爭議較多(duo)。因此，“發(fa)(fa)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)非(fei)常重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。招(zhao)標人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)編寫“發(fa)(fa)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)”時，應按(an)目錄逐條(tiao)詳(xiang)細(xi)(xi)地將發(fa)(fa)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)想法和要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)通過(guo)文(wen)字、圖表等形式描述(shu)出來(lai)，并對(dui)(dui)合同(tong)條(tiao)款中要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)在(zai)(zai)“發(fa)(fa)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)”中約(yue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)合同(tong)條(tiao)款無(wu)法約(yue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)拓展(zhan)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)。

“發(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)要求”應(ying)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)關注五個方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容。一(yi)是(shi)應(ying)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)關注項目性能保證(zheng)指標(biao)，該指標(biao)是(shi)保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)程正常運轉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要約定(ding)數據，應(ying)詳(xiang)細填(tian)寫竣工(gong)(gong)交付(fu)時達到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水、電、空(kong)調(diao)制冷(leng)（熱(re)）量或工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)要求等各項指標(biao)。二是(shi)應(ying)將技術(shu)要求部分作為重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中之重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)是(shi)設(she)計任務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下達及對設(she)計、采(cai)購和施工(gong)(gong)提出詳(xiang)細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)要求，包(bao)(bao)括標(biao)準和規(gui)范要求、應(ying)達到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量標(biao)準及樣(yang)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)留存(cun)范圍和樣(yang)品管控辦(ban)法等。三是(shi)應(ying)詳(xiang)細界定(ding)發(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)場條件，包(bao)(bao)括現(xian)(xian)場狀況、臨時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市政接駁(bo)點(dian)(dian)等，可通過全景影像(xiang)或無人(ren)(ren)機航拍(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖像(xiang)形式提供。四是(shi)應(ying)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)約定(ding)各種(zhong)報表(biao)、報告、成果文件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提交及施工(gong)(gong)節點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間要求，并與(yu)協議書開工(gong)(gong)竣工(gong)(gong)日期(qi)保持一(yi)致(zhi)。五是(shi)應(ying)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)填(tian)寫項目管理規(gui)定(ding)和文件要求，界定(ding)發(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)對承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)所有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理、管控制度，以及流程和辦(ban)法。

六

其他注意事項和建議

在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)起草過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中，因(yin)工作人(ren)員不熟悉通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、不清楚(chu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)與(yu)通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)，出現將專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)碼重新進(jin)(jin)行序編(bian)排(pai)及(ji)(ji)“應(ying)在(zai)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中約定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”“執行通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”的(de)(de)(de)死循環(huan)約定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，導致(zhi)后期在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)行過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)糾紛(fen)和爭議(yi)難以通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)約定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)來解(jie)決。因(yin)此，專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)碼應(ying)與(yu)通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)碼一(yi)致(zhi)，嚴(yan)禁更改(gai)(gai)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)細化(hua)或(huo)更改(gai)(gai)，兩者(zhe)有(you)(you)很強的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)聯關(guan)系(xi)，在(zai)編(bian)制(zhi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)，應(ying)按(an)通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)提示(shi)(shi)填寫，并(bing)應(ying)與(yu)“發包(bao)人(ren)要(yao)求”保持一(yi)致(zhi)，將相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)約定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)歸納在(zai)一(yi)個條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)中約定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，其(qi)他處引(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)時(shi)要(yao)避免(mian)在(zai)修改(gai)(gai)和調整時(shi)產(chan)生(sheng)不一(yi)致(zhi)。另(ling)外(wai)，“無”或(huo)“/”按(an)習慣(guan)容(rong)易理解(jie)為“不涉(she)及(ji)(ji)”或(huo)“不約定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”，而《示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)文(wen)本(ben)》的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)明(ming)中規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)如無細化(hua)、更改(gai)(gai)等填寫“無”或(huo)劃“/”，直接理解(jie)為“執行通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”，故建議(yi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中保留說(shuo)明(ming)部(bu)分。還需(xu)要(yao)注意的(de)(de)(de)是，《示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)文(wen)本(ben)》的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)明(ming)表述了(le)在(zai)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)中未列出并(bing)且需(xu)要(yao)另(ling)行約定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)，可(ke)(ke)以按(an)通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)進(jin)(jin)行不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)約定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，并(bing)未說(shuo)明(ming)可(ke)(ke)以增加通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中沒有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)及(ji)(ji)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)號，這一(yi)點在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)編(bian)制(zhi)時(shi)也應(ying)引(yin)起注意。但需(xu)要(yao)說(shuo)明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)是，《示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)文(wen)本(ben)》為非強制(zhi)性(xing)，其(qi)說(shuo)明(ming)可(ke)(ke)在(zai)編(bian)寫時(shi)酌(zhuo)情參考(kao)。

對于擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，也應(ying)予(yu)以(yi)重視。《示范(fan)文本》涉及(ji)支(zhi)付(fu)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、履約擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、預(yu)付(fu)款(kuan)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)工(gong)程質量擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，其(qi)中支(zhi)付(fu)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)由發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)向承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)能及(ji)時(shi)按合同(tong)(tong)約定的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)付(fu)條(tiao)款(kuan)得到工(gong)程款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，如(ru)發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不能按約定支(zhi)付(fu)，則可(ke)以(yi)要求擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)支(zhi)付(fu)，但(dan)此種(zhong)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般不予(yu)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)。其(qi)他三種(zhong)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)均(jun)由承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)根(gen)據擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)用途向發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)：履約擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)常(chang)規(gui)為(wei)合同(tong)(tong)價(jia)格(ge)（扣除(chu)暫列(lie)金(jin)(jin)額）的(de)(de)(de)10%，是(shi)合同(tong)(tong)生效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)(ti)(ti)條(tiao)件(jian)，承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應(ying)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)履約擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)在(zai)竣工(gong)驗收前一(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)有效(xiao)；預(yu)付(fu)款(kuan)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)金(jin)(jin)額應(ying)與預(yu)付(fu)款(kuan)等同(tong)(tong)，是(shi)隨預(yu)付(fu)款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)扣回(hui)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)減少的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，在(zai)預(yu)付(fu)款(kuan)完(wan)全扣回(hui)前，承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應(ying)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)預(yu)付(fu)款(kuan)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)續有效(xiao)；工(gong)程質量擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)在(zai)缺陷(xian)責任期的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，是(shi)質量保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)形(xing)式，不超過結(jie)算價(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)3%，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)向承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)頒發(fa)(fa)缺陷(xian)責任期終止證(zheng)書前應(ying)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)持(chi)(chi)續有效(xiao)。擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)可(ke)采(cai)用銀行(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)或擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公司(si)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)等形(xing)式，可(ke)根(gen)據項目具(ju)體情況選擇，以(yi)“見索即付(fu)銀行(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)”最為(wei)常(chang)見，即發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)向擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)發(fa)(fa)出符合保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)(han)條(tiao)款(kuan)規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)索賠書時(shi)，擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)直(zhi)接向發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)付(fu)索賠金(jin)(jin)。

七

結束語

EPC合(he)(he)同(tong)是(shi)承(cheng)發包雙方依據法(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)規和市場(chang)常規習慣簽訂，約(yue)定雙方的責權利(li)及(ji)違約(yue)事項(xiang)。在合(he)(he)同(tong)文件的起草時，應(ying)詳細填(tian)(tian)寫主要(yao)內容(rong)，尤其(qi)是(shi)在招標(biao)期(qi)間，更(geng)應(ying)認真詳盡填(tian)(tian)寫。如未填(tian)(tian)寫或填(tian)(tian)寫簡單，在合(he)(he)同(tong)談判階段很容(rong)易造成(cheng)雙方互相推諉扯皮，乃至無法(fa)正常履行簽約(yue)。

總之，在(zai)當前和今(jin)后一段(duan)(duan)時間內，采(cai)用EPC的工程項目(mu)(mu)會逐漸增多，相(xiang)關(guan)工作人員在(zai)招標階段(duan)(duan)應在(zai)編制好(hao)招標文件及做好(hao)程序安排的基礎上，將合(he)同編寫作為(wei)重點，為(wei)發(fa)包人更優選擇承(cheng)包人和在(zai)實(shi)(shi)施過程中正(zheng)常、合(he)規履約奠定(ding)堅實(shi)(shi)的基礎，推動(dong)合(he)同高質量履行和項目(mu)(mu)順利開展。

作者及作者單位：宋志紅，瑞和安惠(hui)項目管(guan)理(li)集團有限公(gong)司(si)；張建欣，河北星球(qiu)建筑設計(ji)有限公(gong)司(si)

來源：《招標采購管理(li)》2022年第12期(qi)

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